What is the difference between political polarization and affective polarization, and which is more dangerous?

Understanding and addressing both forms of polarization is crucial for creating a more cohesive and functional society. Political polarization is the extent to which opinions on political issues, policies, and principles are divided into distinct, opposing camps. It is characterized by a growing ideological distance between political parties on a spectrum of issues. As groups or individuals move towards more extreme positions on the ideological spectrum, moderates become ineffective and even unwelcome. Political polarization can lead to legislative gridlock, lack of bipartisan cooperation, and difficulty in passing policies.

Affective polarization refers to how strongly individuals from different political parties or ideologies feel animosity, distrust, and hostility towards each other. It is more about emotions and attitudes rather than specific policy disagreements. It is closely linked to social identity and group dynamics, where political affiliation becomes a core part of one’s identity, leading to in-group favoritism and out-group hostility. Affective polarization extends beyond politics into personal and social realms, affecting relationships and interactions in daily life. It is more dangerous because negative feelings towards members of the opposing political group, including disdain, hatred, and a reluctance to constructively engage, can lead to partisan violence.

How do toxic levels of polarization affect democracy, governance, and society?

Severe polarization erodes public trust in elections, governmental institutions, and leaders. Voters increasingly support candidates from their own party regardless of qualifications, leading to the election of more extreme and less collaborative representatives. Such polarization makes it difficult to pass legislation, as compromise becomes more challenging, making it harder to implement policies and maintain social cohesion. This can result in government shutdowns and delays in addressing critical issues. When policies are enacted, they are often subject to reversal when the opposing party gains power, leading to instability and uncertainty. As polarization intensifies, more people may become disillusioned with the political process and withdraw from civic participation. In extreme cases, polarization can create a society where workplaces, families, and towns will only allow the presence of one political identity. When citizens cannot work, live, or collaborate across difference, it can lead to economic upheaval, dehumanization of others and, even, everyday violence.

What causes political polarization and what can we do about it?

Political polarization is driven by several factors. Economic inequality is a significant factor, with debates over wealth distribution, healthcare, and education often falling along partisan lines. Widening income and wealth gaps fuel resentment and division, as different socioeconomic groups feel that their interests are not being adequately represented. Electoral district manipulation (“partisan gerrymandering”) reinforces political divisions by creating safe seats that encourage extreme positions and reduce the incentive for compromise. Politicians and the media can benefit electorally and economically from deepening divisions within society, inflaming tensions, spreading misinformation, and fostering distrust among different political groups.

Economic well-being is a shared concern that transcends political divides. Most Americans, regardless of political affiliation, also value a functional and effective democratic system.This common ground must be leveraged to promote electoral reforms, encourage bipartisan policy initiatives, and support helpful political candidates.Implementing measures like ranked-choice voting and independent redistricting commissions can reduce the incentives for extreme partisanship.Creating forums and initiatives that bring together people from different political backgrounds to discuss issues can foster understanding and compromise.

What causes affective polarization and what can we do about it?

Polarization is a negatively reinforcing cycle. Political polarization can worsen affective polarization as policy disagreements fuel emotional hostility. Conversely, affective polarization can deepen political polarization as emotional animosity makes compromise and dialogue more difficult. Affective polarization is also propelled by several factors. Increasing alignment of political parties with specific racial, ethnic, and cultural identities leads to a more personal and emotional form of partisanship (also known as “identity politics”). The rise of partisan media outlets and social media platforms creates echo chambers where people are exposed primarily to views that reinforce their own. And institutions like community organizations, unions, and churches that once brought people from different backgrounds together have weakened, reducing opportunities for interaction across political lines.

Mutual respect and the dignity of all individuals are values that can serve as a foundation for bridging divides. A sense of community and the safety of one’s environment are also universally important. We must foster dialogue and empathy, promote cross-cutting social interactions, and highlight common human values and goals. Encouraging participation in organizations that include diverse membership can help bridge divides and build social capital across political lines.

Are we as divided politically as we are led to believe?

While polarization is a significant issue in the United States, the perception of how divided Americans are on political issues is often exaggerated. There is considerable common ground on various policies and core values. For example, surveys and studies have shown that there is significant bipartisan agreement on various issues, such as the need for infrastructure improvements, certain gun control measures, and aspects of healthcare reform.

Many Americans share core values like democracy, justice, and economic opportunity. While they may differ on how to achieve these, the underlying values are often the same. At the local level, Americans frequently come together to address community issues, demonstrating a capacity for collaboration that transcends partisan divides. By promoting dialogue, understanding, and highlighting areas of agreement, Americans can work towards reducing perceived and actual divisions.

What two factors cause us to overestimate the true extent of our political divisions?

First are partisan echo chambers. Media outlets often highlight conflicts and extreme viewpoints, making it seem like there is little common ground. The tendency for people to consume news from sources that align with their views can amplify perceptions of division. Algorithms on social media platforms prioritize sensational and polarizing content, further reinforcing the perception of deep divides.

Second is misunderstanding opposing views. We often have exaggerated or incorrect assumptions about the beliefs of those in the opposing party. Limited interaction with people holding opposing viewpoints can perpetuate the idea that there is no room for agreement. Assumptions and lack of personal contact creates stereotyping. For example, liberals might overestimate how resistant conservatives are on issues like climate change, and vice versa for conservative beliefs about how zealous liberals are on issues like open borders.

Who are conflict entrepreneurs and how can we counter their influence?

Conflict entrepreneurs are individuals or entities that actively promote and exploit polarization for personal, financial, or ideological gain. They benefit from deepening divisions within society by inflaming tensions, spreading misinformation, and fostering distrust among different political groups. Their actions exacerbate conflicts and hinder efforts to bridge divides and find common ground.

The four key characteristics of conflict entrepreneurs are, first, financial gain and political power. Many conflict entrepreneurs profit from polarization through media ratings, book sales, speaking fees, or social media monetization. Politicians and activists may use divisive rhetoric to mobilize their base, gain media attention, and secure electoral victories. Second is binary framing and emphasizing extremes. They frame topics in an “us versus them” manner, which simplifies complex issues and fuels division. They highlight the most extreme and contentious aspects of political debates, making moderate or nuanced positions seem irrelevant or weak. Third is propaganda, exploiting social media and other platforms to create echo chambers where only their viewpoint is amplified, reducing exposure to diverse perspectives. They may even disseminate false or misleading information to manipulate public opinion and reinforce existing biases. And fourth is identity exploitation, leveraging racial, ethnic, religious, and cultural identities to deepen divisions and rally support from specific demographic groups. They often use fearmongering and anger to drive engagement and loyalty, presenting themselves as defenders against perceived threats.

To counter the influence of conflict entrepreneurs and mitigate polarization, we must educate the public on how to critically evaluate information sources and recognize biased or misleading content. We can also advocate for media outlets to provide balanced and fact-based reporting, highlighting stories of cooperation and compromise. We should support political candidates and leaders who prioritize unity, civility, and bipartisanship over divisive rhetoric. We can foster spaces for respectful and constructive conversations that include diverse perspectives and encourage understanding. And, finally, we can work to build cross-cutting social networks and community organizations that bring together people from different backgrounds and political views.

Why does bridge-building matter and what is it?

Imagine a nation where political differences are not sources of division but opportunities for growth and collaboration. By committing to bridge building, we can transform our political landscape and create a future where every voice contributes to the strength and unity of our society.A thriving democracy depends on our ability to engage in civil discourse, respect diverse opinions, and work together despite our differences. By building bridges, we reinforce the foundations of our democratic institutions and processes.

This work fosters social cohesion, enhances problem-solving, and promotes peace and stability. When we connect with those who hold different views, we can break down barriers of misunderstanding and mistrust. This leads to stronger, more inclusive communities where members feel valued and heard. Diverse perspectives can lead to innovative solutions to the complex challenges we face. By collaborating across divides, we can harness our collective wisdom and creativity to address issues like economic inequality, healthcare, and climate change. Whereas polarization leads to the escalation of conflicts and violence, bridge building nurtures a culture of peace and stability, ensuring a safer environment for future generations.

How can I contribute to depolarization and bridge-building?

You are here—thank you! Start where you feel comfortable and do more as your knowledge and resilience grow. We’re here to help you gain a deeper understanding of polarization and explore practical steps to reduce divisions and foster a more cohesive society. Steps you can take include:

• Diversify your information sources. Make a conscious effort to consume news and opinions from a variety of outlets, including those with different political leanings. Educate yourself and others on how to critically evaluate news sources and resist the pull of partisan echo chambers. Encourage a balanced consumption of information.
• Model empathy and respect: Demonstrate empathy in your interactions, showing that you value and respect others, even when you disagree. Recognize that people’s political beliefs are often shaped by their personal experiences and challenges. Showing empathy can help de-escalate tensions and your example can inspire others to do the same.
• Seek common ground. Focus on shared values and goals, such as the desire for economic stability, fairness, and a better future for our children. Highlighting commonalities can pave the way for cooperation. Join local organizations or volunteer in community projects that bring together people from different backgrounds and political views. Working side by side on common goals fosters mutual understanding and respect.
• Engage in constructive conversations. Take the initiative to have meaningful discussions with people who have different viewpoints. Approach these conversations with curiosity and a willingness to listen. Engage with an open mind, listen actively, and seek to understand the perspectives of others without immediately trying to persuade them. Promote and model respectful dialogue in both online and offline interactions and discourage inflammatory or divisive rhetoric.

How can educators help with polarization?

Education can play a crucial role in mitigating polarization. We encourage you to share the links and resources found on DepolarWise.com with your students. Overall, educators can focus on the following areas:

• Promote media literacy: Educating people on how to critically evaluate news sources and recognize bias can reduce the influence of partisan media. Emphasize critical thinking skills, helping students evaluate information objectively, and understand different viewpoints.
• Develop conflict resolution skills: Educating students on conflict resolution and negotiation techniques can prepare them to handle political disagreements constructively.
• Foster inclusive curricula: Including diverse perspectives in educational curricula can help students appreciate and respect different cultural and ideological backgrounds. Programs that integrate politics, sociology, economics, and history can provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors contributing to polarization and potential solutions.
• Strengthen civic education: Teaching the importance of democratic principles, critical thinking, and respectful debate from a young age can build a foundation for more constructive political engagement. Encouraging active participation in democratic processes, such as voting and community involvement, can instill a sense of responsibility and commitment to the common good. We believe schools and educators can accomplish these goals without imposing partisan beliefs.